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Take and restore snapshots

Snapshots aren’t instantaneous. They take time to complete and do not represent perfect point-in-time views of the cluster. While a snapshot is in progress, you can still index documents and send other requests to the cluster, but new documents and updates to existing documents generally aren’t included in the snapshot. The snapshot includes primary shards as they existed when OpenSearch initiated the snapshot. Depending on the size of your snapshot thread pool, different shards might be included in the snapshot at slightly different times.

OpenSearch snapshots are incremental, meaning that they only store data that has changed since the last successful snapshot. The difference in disk usage between frequent and infrequent snapshots is often minimal.

In other words, taking hourly snapshots for a week (for a total of 168 snapshots) might not use much more disk space than taking a single snapshot at the end of the week. Also, the more frequently you take snapshots, the less time they take to complete. Some OpenSearch users take snapshots as often as every 30 minutes.

If you need to delete a snapshot, be sure to use the OpenSearch API rather than navigating to the storage location and purging files. Incremental snapshots from a cluster often share a lot of the same data; when you use the API, OpenSearch only removes data that no other snapshot is using.

Table of contents

Register repository
Take snapshots
Restore snapshots
- Conflicts and compatibility
Security considerations
Index codec considerations

Register repository

Before you can take a snapshot, you have to “register” a snapshot repository. A snapshot repository is just a storage location: a shared file system, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), or Azure Storage.

Shared file system

To use a shared file system as a snapshot repository, add it to opensearch.yml:
```
path.repo: ["/mnt/snapshots"]
```
On the RPM and Debian installs, you can then mount the file system. If you’re using the Docker install, add the file system to each node in docker-compose.yml before starting the cluster:
```
volumes:
  - /Users/jdoe/snapshots:/mnt/snapshots
```

Then register the repository using the REST API:

PUT /_snapshot/my-fs-repository
{
  "type": "fs",
  "settings": {
    "location": "/mnt/snapshots"
  }
}

You will most likely not need to specify any parameters except for location. For allowed request parameters, see Register or update snapshot repository API.

Amazon S3

To use an Amazon S3 bucket as a snapshot repository, install the repository-s3 plugin on all nodes:

sudo ./bin/opensearch-plugin install repository-s3

If you’re using the Docker installation, see Working with plugins. Your Dockerfile should look something like this:

FROM opensearchproject/opensearch:2.16.0

ENV AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID <access-key>
ENV AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY <secret-key>

# Optional
ENV AWS_SESSION_TOKEN <optional-session-token>

RUN /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-plugin install --batch repository-s3
RUN /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore create

RUN echo $AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID | /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore add --stdin s3.client.default.access_key
RUN echo $AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY | /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore add --stdin s3.client.default.secret_key

# Optional
RUN echo $AWS_SESSION_TOKEN | /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore add --stdin s3.client.default.session_token

After the Docker cluster starts, skip to step 7.

If you’re using AWS IAM instance profile to allow OpenSearch nodes on AWS EC2 instances to inherit roles for policies when granting access to AWS S3 buckets, skip to step 8.

Add your AWS access and secret keys to the OpenSearch keystore:

sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.access_key
sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.secret_key

(Optional) If you’re using temporary credentials, add your session token:
```
sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.session_token
```

(Optional) If you connect to the internet through a proxy, add those credentials:

sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.proxy.username
sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.proxy.password

(Optional) Add other settings to opensearch.yml:

s3.client.default.endpoint: s3.amazonaws.com # S3 has alternate endpoints, but you probably don't need to change this value.
s3.client.default.max_retries: 3 # number of retries if a request fails
s3.client.default.path_style_access: false # whether to use the deprecated path-style bucket URLs.
# You probably don't need to change this value, but for more information, see https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/VirtualHosting.html#path-style-access.
s3.client.default.protocol: https # http or https
s3.client.default.proxy.host: my-proxy-host # the hostname for your proxy server
s3.client.default.proxy.port: 8080 # port for your proxy server
s3.client.default.read_timeout: 50s # the S3 connection timeout
s3.client.default.use_throttle_retries: true # whether the client should wait a progressively longer amount of time (exponential backoff) between each successive retry
s3.client.default.region: us-east-2 # AWS region to use. For non-AWS S3 storage, this value is required but has no effect.

(Optional) If you don’t want to use AWS access and secret keys, you could configure the S3 plugin to use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles for service accounts:
```
sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.role_arn
sudo ./bin/opensearch-keystore add s3.client.default.role_session_name
```
If you don’t want to configure AWS access and secret keys, modify the following opensearch.yml setting. Make sure the file is accessible by the repository-s3 plugin:
```
s3.client.default.identity_token_file: /usr/share/opensearch/plugins/repository-s3/token
```
If copying is not an option, you can create a symlink to the web identity token file in the ${OPENSEARCH_PATH_CONFIG} folder:
```
ln -s $AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE "${OPENSEARCH_PATH_CONFIG}/aws-web-identity-token-file"
```
You can reference the web identity token file in the following opensearch.yml setting by specifying the relative path that is resolved against ${OPENSEARCH_PATH_CONFIG}:
```
s3.client.default.identity_token_file: aws-web-identity-token-file
```
IAM roles require at least one of the above settings. Other settings will be taken from environment variables (if available): AWS_ROLE_ARN, AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE, AWS_ROLE_SESSION_NAME.
If you changed opensearch.yml, you must restart each node in the cluster. Otherwise, you only need to reload secure cluster settings:
```
POST /_nodes/reload_secure_settings
```

Create an S3 bucket if you don’t already have one. To take snapshots, you need permissions to access the bucket. The following IAM policy is an example of those permissions:

{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [{
        "Action": [
            "s3:*"
        ],
        "Effect": "Allow",
        "Resource": [
            "arn:aws:s3:::your-bucket",
            "arn:aws:s3:::your-bucket/*"
        ]
    }]
}

PUT /_snapshot/my-s3-repository
{
  "type": "s3",
  "settings": {
    "bucket": "my-s3-bucket",
    "base_path": "my/snapshot/directory"
  }
}

You will most likely not need to specify any parameters except for bucket and base_path. For allowed request parameters, see Register or update snapshot repository API.

Registering a Microsoft Azure storage account using Helm

Use the following steps to register a snapshot repository backed by an Azure storage account for an OpenSearch cluster deployed using Helm.

Create an Azure storage account. Then create a container within the storage account. For more information, see Introduction to Azure Storage.

Create an OpenSearch keystore file using a bash script. To create the bash script, copy the contents of the following example into a file named create-keystore.sh:

#!/bin/bash

/usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore create
echo $AZURE_SNAPSHOT_STORAGE_ACCOUNT | /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore add --stdin azure.client.default.account
echo $AZURE_SNAPSHOT_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_KEY | /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-keystore add --stdin azure.client.default.key
cp /usr/share/opensearch/config/opensearch.keystore /tmp/keystore/opensearch.keystore

Create a Docker file. This file contains the details of your keystore, the OpenSearch instance, and the Azure repository. To create the file, copy the following example and save it as a Dockerfile:
```
FROM opensearchproject/opensearch:2.16.0

RUN /usr/share/opensearch/bin/opensearch-plugin install --batch repository-azure
COPY --chmod=0775 create-keystore.sh create-keystore.sh
```
Use the following docker build command to build an OpenSearch image from your Dockerfile:
```
docker build -t opensearch-custom:2.16.0 -f Dockerfile .
```

Create a Kubernetes secret containing the Azure storage account key by using the following manifest and command:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: opensearch
data:
  azure-snapshot-storage-account-key: ### Insert base64 encoded key

Deploy OpenSearch using Helm with the following additional values. Specify the value of the storage account in the AZURE_SNAPSHOT_STORAGE_ACCOUNT environment variable:

extraInitContainers:
- name: keystore-generator
  image: opensearch-custom:2.16.0
  command: ["/bin/bash", "-c"]
  args: ["bash create-keystore.sh"]
  env:
  - name: AZURE_SNAPSHOT_STORAGE_ACCOUNT
    value: ### Insert storage account name
  - name: AZURE_SNAPSHOT_STORAGE_ACCOUNT_KEY
    valueFrom:
      secretKeyRef:
        name: opensearch
        key: azure-snapshot-storage-account-key
  volumeMounts:
  - name: keystore
    mountPath: /tmp/keystore

extraVolumeMounts:
- name: keystore
  mountPath: /usr/share/opensearch/config/opensearch.keystore
  subPath: opensearch.keystore
  
extraVolumes:
- name: keystore
  emptyDir: {}

image:
  repository: "opensearch-custom"
  tag: 2.16.0

Register the repository using the Snapshot API. Replace snapshot_container with the name you specified in step 1, as shown in the following command:

PUT /_snapshot/my-azure-snapshot
{
  "type": "azure",
  "settings": {
    "client": "default",
    "container": "snapshot_container"
  }
}

Set up Microsoft Azure Blob Storage

To use Azure Blob Storage as a snapshot repository, follow these steps:

Install the repository-azure plugin on all nodes with the following command:
```
./bin/opensearch-plugin install repository-azure
```
After the repository-azure plugin is installed, define your Azure Blob Storage settings before initializing the node. Start by defining your Azure Storage account name using the following secure setting:
```
./bin/opensearch-keystore add azure.client.default.account
```

Choose one of the following options for setting up your Azure Blob Storage authentication credentials.

Using an Azure Storage account key

Use the following setting to specify your Azure Storage account key:

./bin/opensearch-keystore add azure.client.default.key

Shared access signature

Use the following setting when accessing Azure with a shared access signature (SAS):

./bin/opensearch-keystore add azure.client.default.sas_token

Azure token credential

Starting in OpenSearch 2.15, you have the option to configure a token credential authentication flow in opensearch.yml. This method is distinct from connection string authentication, which requires a SAS or an account key.

If you choose to use token credential authentication, you will need to choose a token credential type. Although Azure offers multiple token credential types, as of OpenSearch version 2.15, only managed identity is supported.

To use managed identity, add your token credential type to opensearch.yml using either the managed or managed_identity value. This indicates that managed identity is being used to perform token credential authentication:

azure.client.default.token_credential_type: "managed_identity"

Note the following when using Azure token credentials:

Token credential support is disabled in opensearch.yml by default.
A token credential takes precedence over an Azure Storage account key or a SAS when multiple options are configured.

Take snapshots

You specify two pieces of information when you create a snapshot:

Name of your snapshot repository
Name for the snapshot

The following snapshot includes all indexes and the cluster state:

PUT /_snapshot/my-repository/1

You can also add a request body to include or exclude certain indexes or specify other settings:

PUT /_snapshot/my-repository/2
{
  "indices": "opensearch-dashboards*,my-index*,-my-index-2016",
  "ignore_unavailable": true,
  "include_global_state": false,
  "partial": false
}

Request fields	Description
`indices`	The indexes you want to include in the snapshot. You can use `,` to create a list of indexes, `*` to specify an index pattern, and `-` to exclude certain indexes. Don’t put spaces between items. Default is all indexes.
`ignore_unavailable`	If an index from the `indices` list doesn’t exist, whether to ignore it rather than fail the snapshot. Default is `false`.
`include_global_state`	Whether to include cluster state in the snapshot. Default is `true`.
`partial`	Whether to allow partial snapshots. Default is `false`, which fails the entire snapshot if one or more shards fails to store.

If you request the snapshot immediately after taking it, you might see something like this:

GET /_snapshot/my-repository/2
{
  "snapshots": [{
    "snapshot": "2",
    "version": "6.5.4",
    "indices": [
      "opensearch_dashboards_sample_data_ecommerce",
      "my-index",
      "opensearch_dashboards_sample_data_logs",
      "opensearch_dashboards_sample_data_flights"
    ],
    "include_global_state": true,
    "state": "IN_PROGRESS",
    ...
  }]
}

Note that the snapshot is still in progress. If you want to wait for the snapshot to finish before continuing, add the wait_for_completion parameter to your request. Snapshots can take a while to complete, so consider whether or not this option fits your use case:

PUT _snapshot/my-repository/3?wait_for_completion=true

Snapshots have the following states:

State	Description
SUCCESS	The snapshot successfully stored all shards.
IN_PROGRESS	The snapshot is currently running.
PARTIAL	At least one shard failed to store successfully. Can only occur if you set `partial` to `true` when taking the snapshot.
FAILED	The snapshot encountered an error and stored no data.
INCOMPATIBLE	The snapshot is incompatible with the version of OpenSearch running on this cluster. See Conflicts and compatibility.

You can’t take a snapshot if one is currently in progress. To check the status:

GET /_snapshot/_status

Restore snapshots

The first step in restoring a snapshot is retrieving existing snapshots. To see all snapshot repositories:

GET /_snapshot/_all

To see all snapshots in a repository:

GET /_snapshot/my-repository/_all

Then restore a snapshot:

POST /_snapshot/my-repository/2/_restore

Just like when taking a snapshot, you can add a request body to include or exclude certain indexes or specify some other settings:

POST /_snapshot/my-repository/2/_restore
{
  "indices": "opensearch-dashboards*,my-index*",
  "ignore_unavailable": true,
  "include_global_state": false,
  "include_aliases": false,
  "partial": false,
  "rename_pattern": "opensearch-dashboards(.+)",
  "rename_replacement": "restored-opensearch-dashboards$1",
  "index_settings": {
    "index.blocks.read_only": false
  },
  "ignore_index_settings": [
    "index.refresh_interval"
  ]
}

Request parameters	Description
`indices`	The indexes you want to restore. You can use `,` to create a list of indexes, `*` to specify an index pattern, and `-` to exclude certain indexes. Don’t put spaces between items. Default is all indexes.
`ignore_unavailable`	If an index from the `indices` list doesn’t exist, whether to ignore it rather than fail the restore operation. Default is `false`.
`include_global_state`	Whether to restore the cluster state. Default is `false`.
`include_aliases`	Whether to restore aliases alongside their associated indexes. Default is `true`.
`partial`	Whether to allow the restoration of partial snapshots. Default is `false`.
`rename_pattern`	If you want to rename indexes as you restore them, use this option to specify a regular expression that matches all indexes you want to restore. Use capture groups (`()`) to reuse portions of the index name.
`rename_replacement`	If you want to rename indexes as you restore them, use this option to specify the replacement pattern. Use `$0` to include the entire matching index name, `$1` to include the content of the first capture group, and so on.
`index_settings`	If you want to change index settings applied during the restore operation, specify them here. You cannot change `index.number_of_shards`.
`ignore_index_settings`	Rather than explicitly specifying new settings with `index_settings`, you can ignore certain index settings in the snapshot and use the cluster defaults applied during restore. You cannot ignore `index.number_of_shards`, `index.number_of_replicas`, or `index.auto_expand_replicas`.
`storage_type`	`local` indicates that all snapshot metadata and index data will be downloaded to local storage. `remote_snapshot` indicates that snapshot metadata will be downloaded to the cluster, but the remote repository will remain the authoritative store of the index data. Data will be downloaded and cached as necessary to service queries. At least one node in the cluster must be configured with the search role in order to restore a snapshot using the type `remote_snapshot`. Defaults to `local`.

Conflicts and compatibility

One way to avoid naming conflicts when restoring indexes is to use the rename_pattern and rename_replacement options. You can then, if necessary, use the _reindex API to combine the two. The simpler way is to delete existing indexes prior to restoring from a snapshot.

You can use the _close API to close existing indexes prior to restoring from a snapshot, but the index in the snapshot has to have the same number of shards as the existing index.

We recommend ceasing write requests to a cluster before restoring from a snapshot, which helps avoid scenarios such as:

You delete an index, which also deletes its alias.
A write request to the now-deleted alias creates a new index with the same name as the alias.
The alias from the snapshot fails to restore due to a naming conflict with the new index.

Snapshots are only forward compatible by one major version. Snapshots taken by earlier OpenSearch versions can continue to be restored by the version of OpenSearch that originally took the snapshot, even after a version upgrade. For example, a snapshot taken by OpenSearch 2.11 or earlier can continue to be restored by a 2.11 cluster even after upgrading to 2.12.

If you have an old snapshot taken from an earlier major OpenSearch version, you can restore it to an intermediate cluster one major version newer than the snapshot’s version, reindex all indexes, take a new snapshot, and repeat until you arrive at your desired major version, but you may find it easier to manually index your data in the new cluster.

Security considerations

If you’re using the Security plugin, snapshots have some additional restrictions:

To perform snapshot and restore operations, users must have the built-in manage_snapshots role.
You can’t restore snapshots that contain a global state or the .opendistro_security index.

If a snapshot contains a global state, you must exclude it when performing the restore. If your snapshot also contains the .opendistro_security index, either exclude it or list all the other indexes you want to include:

POST /_snapshot/my-repository/3/_restore
{
  "indices": "-.opendistro_security",
  "include_global_state": false
}

The .opendistro_security index contains sensitive data, so we recommend excluding it when you take a snapshot. If you do need to restore the index from a snapshot, you must include an admin certificate in the request:

curl -k --cert ./kirk.pem --key ./kirk-key.pem -XPOST 'https://localhost:9200/_snapshot/my-repository/3/_restore?pretty'

We strongly recommend against restoring .opendistro_security using an admin certificate because doing so can alter the security posture of the entire cluster. See A word of caution for a recommended process to back up and restore your Security plugin configuration.

Index codec considerations

For index codec considerations, see Index codecs.

Register repository
Take snapshots
Restore snapshots
- Conflicts and compatibility
Security considerations
Index codec considerations

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Take and restore snapshots

Register repository

Shared file system

Amazon S3

Registering a Microsoft Azure storage account using Helm

Set up Microsoft Azure Blob Storage

Using an Azure Storage account key

Shared access signature

Azure token credential

Take snapshots

Restore snapshots

Conflicts and compatibility

Security considerations

Index codec considerations

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